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A peer-reviewed meta-analysis published in the Journal of Big Data (Volume 13, article 26, 2026; published 19 December 2025) directly benchmarks DeepSeek-R1 against GPT-4 Turbo, Gemini Ultra, Qwen, and LLaMA 3.1 using standardized tasks including MMLU, HumanEval, FLORES-200, and TyDiQA. The hybrid meta-analysis aggrega Reported results for DeepSeek-R1 include 80.2 ± 1.5% on HumanEval and 78.5 ± 1.8% on MMLU, compared with ChatGPT-4 Turbo's 86.5 ± 1.9% on HumanEval, with the gap falling within observed heterogeneity (I² = 14.6%). The study concludes R1 demonstrates strong coding and multilingual efficiency, trails GPT-4 Turbo in reaso